Uzbekistan - Country Info

Welcome to Uzbekistan, a country rich in history, culture and architectural treasures. Once a major trading hub on the famous Silk Road, Uzbekistan offers a fascinating blend of oriental splendour, hospitable people and breathtaking scenery. The capital city of Tashkent, the historic cities of Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva, and the country’s unspoilt nature make Uzbekistan a unique destination for adventurers and culture lovers.

History 

The history of Uzbekistan goes back thousands of years and is marked by different civilisations and periods of rule. Present-day Uzbekistan was once part of the ancient Silk Road, an important trade route between East and West that contributed to the cultural and economic prosperity of the region.
The history of Uzbekistan is closely linked to the many civilisations that have settled in the country over the centuries. One of the most important civilisations to dominate the area was the Sogdians, who founded a powerful empire in the 6th century BC. The Sogdians built magnificent cities and palaces along the Silk Road and contributed to the cultural and economic development of the region.
Throughout history, Uzbekistan has been ruled by various conquerors, including Persians, Greeks, Arabs and Mongols. In the 13th century, the area was conquered by Timur the Great, a powerful conqueror and ruler who founded the Timurid Empire and made Samarkand a centre of art, science and commerce. Under Timurid rule, Uzbekistan experienced a golden age of architecture, literature and art.
In the 13th century, Uzbekistan became part of the Safavid Empire, followed by the Kokand and Bukhara Khanates. In the 19th century, the region was colonised by Russia and became part of the Russian Empire. After the October Revolution of 1917, Uzbekistan became part of the Soviet Union and remained under Soviet rule until the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
Since independence, Uzbekistan has undergone a period of change and modernisation, with the country increasingly opening up to foreign investment and implementing economic and political liberalisation reforms. Despite these changes, Uzbekistan is proud of its rich history and culture, which is reflected in impressive historical sites, artistic craftsmanship and living traditions.

Geography

Uzbekistan is located in the heart of the Central Asian region, bordering Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Afghanistan.
The landscape of Uzbekistan is very varied and includes deserts, steppes, mountains and fertile plains. The Kyzylkum Desert, one of the largest deserts in Central Asia, stretches across the west and south-west of the country. Characterised by sandy plains and barren hills, the desert offers a unique and impressive landscape.
The Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges stretch across the east and south-east of Uzbekistan. These mountainous regions offer spectacular scenery with rugged peaks, deep gorges and picturesque valleys. The highest point in the country is the peak of Chalcha-Dasht, which is over 4,600 metres above sea level.
The Amudarja and Syrdarja rivers are the two largest rivers in the country and shape the landscape and agriculture. They run through the country and form fertile oases on their banks, which have been used for agriculture for centuries.
Uzbekistan’s climate varies from continental to desert-like depending on the region. Summers are generally hot and dry, with temperatures often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit). Winters are cold and dry, with temperatures in the mountains being significantly colder than in the lowlands.
The best times to visit Uzbekistan are spring and autumn, when the weather is mild and the countryside is in full bloom. During these seasons, temperatures are pleasant and there is less rainfall, making it easier to explore the country.
Overall, Uzbekistan’s geographical diversity provides a rich and impressive backdrop for travellers wishing to explore the country. From the endless deserts of the Kysylkum to the majestic peaks of the Pamir Mountains, there is much to discover and experience in this fascinating country.

Flora & Fauna

Uzbekistan is also home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, reflecting the country’s diverse ecosystems. From the arid deserts of the west to the mountainous regions of the east, there is an impressive variety of plants and animals that enliven the landscapes of Uzbekistan.
Uzbekistan’s desert regions, particularly the Kyzylkum Desert in the west, are dominated by drought-resistant plants such as tamarisk, salt steppe and various grasses. These plants have adapted to the extreme conditions of the desert and are an important source of food for the region’s wildlife.
On the banks of the Amudarja and Syrdarja rivers and in the fertile oases in the centre of the country, however, a wide variety of plants thrive. Fruit trees such as apricots, peaches, pomegranates and figs grow here, as do vines and cotton. The oases are also known for their lush vegetation, including date palms, fig, olive and almond trees.
Uzbekistan’s wildlife is also diverse, although many species are threatened by habitat loss and human activities. The desert areas are home to various reptile species such as lizards and snakes, including the famous cobra. The deserts are also home to various mammals such as wild donkeys, gazelles and foxes.
The mountainous regions in the east and south-east of the country are also home to larger mammals such as ibex, snow leopard and brown bear. These areas are also home to a variety of bird species, including birds of prey such as eagles and falcons, as well as migratory birds that pass through the region on their annual migrations.

Population

The Uzbek people are known for their hospitality, traditions and diverse cultural identity.
Uzbekistan’s ethnic diversity is reflected in the composition of its population. The largest ethnic group is the Uzbeks, who make up about 80 per cent of the total population. In addition to the Uzbeks, other ethnic minorities live in the country, including Tajiks, Russians, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Tatars. Each of these groups contributes to the cultural diversity of the country with their own traditions, languages and customs.
Uzbekistan’s population is concentrated in urban centres such as the capital, Tashkent, and other major cities such as Samarkand, Bukhara and Khiva. These cities are not only economic and cultural centres, but also important historical sites that attract visitors from all over the world.
The traditional way of life of the Uzbek people is closely linked to the history and culture of the country. Many Uzbeks still live in traditional settlements with mud-brick houses and narrow streets. Traditional Uzbek cuisine, featuring dishes such as pilaf, somsa and lagman, plays an important role in the everyday life of the population and is often eaten at festive occasions and celebrations.

Religion

Religion plays an important role in the daily life of the Uzbek people, shaping both the cultural identity and traditions of the country.
Islam is the predominant religion in Uzbekistan and significantly shapes the religious life of the country. The majority of Uzbeks are Sunni Muslims who practice Islam in their daily lives and gather for religious festivals and holidays. Mosques are important religious and social centres in the cities and towns of Uzbekistan, where worshippers gather to pray, learn and socialise.
In addition to Sunni Islam, there are other religious communities in Uzbekistan, including a small but significant Christian minority. Orthodox Christians make up a large part of this minority and practise their faith in Orthodox churches and communities throughout the country. There are also followers of other religions, such as Judaism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism, each of which has its own communities and places of worship.
Overall, religion shapes life and culture in Uzbekistan in many ways and contributes to the country’s cultural diversity and tolerance. Religious traditions and customs are an integral part of Uzbek life and are passed down from generation to generation.

Architecture

Uzbek architecture reflects the influences of the various civilisations that have settled in the country over the centuries, including Persians, Arabs, Mongols and Russians.
One of the most impressive architectural sights in Uzbekistan is undoubtedly the Registan in Samarkand. This historic square consists of three magnificent madrasahs (Islamic schools) with blue domes, colourful tiles and ornate decorations. The Ulugbek, Tilla Kori and Sher Dor madrasahs are impressive examples of 15th- and 17th-century Uzbek architecture and are now on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Another of Uzbekistan’s architectural jewels is the city of Bukhara, known for its well-preserved old town and historic buildings. Highlights include the Kalon Mosque with its impressive minaret, the Labi House with its elegant arcades and the famous Samanid Mausoleum, considered one of the oldest preserved buildings in Central Asia.
The city of Khiva, also known as the “Pearl of the Desert”, is another of Uzbekistan’s architectural wonders. The old town of Khiva is surrounded by a massive city wall and is home to a multitude of historic mosques, mausoleums and palaces, all decorated with intricate mosaics, wood carvings and tiles.
In addition to these famous sights, there are many other architectural treasures to be discovered throughout Uzbekistan, including palaces, fortresses, mausoleums and bazaars. The unique blend of Oriental and Central Asian architecture makes Uzbekistan a fascinating destination for architecture lovers and history buffs.

Food and Drink

Uzbekistan is not only known for its rich history and impressive architecture, but also for its delicious traditional cuisine. Uzbek cuisine is rich in flavours, spices and regional ingredients that make it an unforgettable culinary experience.
A popular dish in Uzbekistan is ‘plov’, a hearty rice dish often prepared with meat, vegetables and spices. Plov is the national dish of the country and is served on various occasions such as weddings, festivals and family celebrations. The preparation of plov is an art and varies according to region and family recipe.
Another traditional dish to try in Uzbekistan is shashlik. Shashlik is a grilled skewer of meat, often lamb, beef or chicken, marinated with onions, peppers and spices. These delicious kebabs are grilled over an open fire and are a popular street food throughout the country.
Uzbek cuisine also offers many delicious options for vegetarians. “Lagman is a popular noodle dish made with vegetables, herbs and a spicy broth. “Somsa are stuffed dumplings, often filled with potatoes, pumpkin or minced meat and baked in a tandor oven.
Traditional drinks in Uzbekistan include green tea, often served with fresh mint leaves or spices such as cardamom and cinnamon. Another popular drink is ‘ayran’, a refreshing yoghurt drink often served with meals and a good accompaniment to the spicy dishes of Uzbek cuisine.
All in all, Uzbek cuisine offers a fascinating mix of flavours, textures and tastes, inviting you on a culinary journey of discovery through the country. Take to the streets of Uzbekistan and enjoy the diverse and delicious food and drink the country has to offer.

Festivals

Numerous traditional festivals and events take place in Uzbekistan throughout the year, reflecting the country’s cultural heritage. These festivals are often linked to religious, historical or agricultural events and offer a unique opportunity to get to know the local culture and way of life.

One of the most important festivals in Uzbekistan is Navruz, the Persian New Year, which is celebrated in March and marks the beginning of spring. Navruz is a festival of joy, peace and gratitude and is celebrated with music, dance, festivities and traditional games. Highlights of the Navruz festival include the Haft-Seen ritual, in which seven dishes beginning with the letter “S” are served, and the traditional Navruz bazaar, where handicrafts and local products are sold.

Another important festival is Eid al-Fitr, the end of the fasting month of Ramadan, which is celebrated by the Muslim community in Uzbekistan. During Eid al-Fitr, the faithful pray in the mosques, exchange gifts and eat together with their families and community members. The streets are decorated with lights and there is a festive atmosphere throughout the city.

Another important event in Uzbekistan is Independence Day on 1 September, which celebrates the country’s independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. On this day, parades, concerts and fireworks are held throughout the country to demonstrate the pride and unity of the Uzbek people.

There are also numerous regional festivals and celebrations that vary depending on the season and location. These include the melon festival in the Khorasan region, the grape festival in the Bukhara region and the cotton festival in the Fergana region. These festivals are an opportunity for people to celebrate their agricultural traditions and showcase local products.

Visa

For German citizens planning a trip to Uzbekistan, it is important to note the entry requirements and visa regulations. Here is some information on tourist visas for Uzbekistan:

Visa exemption for short stays:

German citizens can travel to Uzbekistan without a visa if their stay is less than 30 days. This regulation applies to tourist purposes, business trips and other non-commercial activities.

Health

Here is some important information about vaccinations and diseases in Uzbekistan:

Vaccinations:

1. Standard immunisations: Make sure your standard immunisations are up to date, including tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), polio, measles, mumps and rubella.
2. Hepatitis A and B: It is recommended to be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, as these can be transmitted through contaminated water or food.
3. Typhoid fever: A vaccination against typhoid fever is also recommended, as the disease is transmitted through contaminated food or water.
4. Rabies: As there is a risk of encounters with stray animals in Uzbekistan, a rabies vaccination is recommended for travellers, especially if you are likely to spend long periods in rural areas or have contact with animals.
5. Influenza: An influenza vaccination may be recommended depending on the time of travel and personal risk factors, as influenza viruses can be easily transmitted in closed environments.

Diseases:

1. Traveller’s diarrhoea: Tourists in Uzbekistan should take precautions to avoid traveller’s diarrhoea by drinking only bottled or boiled water, observing hygienic eating practices and avoiding eating uncooked or unpeeled fruit and vegetables.
2. Malaria: The risk of malaria in Uzbekistan is low, especially in urban areas and most tourist destinations. Nevertheless, you can take preventive measures during your stay in rural areas, such as using mosquito repellent and wearing long-sleeved clothing.
3. Tuberculosis: Uzbekistan has a medium to high prevalence of tuberculosis. Tourists should avoid close contact with tuberculosis patients and pay attention to hygiene in order to reduce the risk of infection.
4. Sunburn: Due to the hot climate in Uzbekistan, sunburn is a common problem. Apply sunscreen with a high sun protection factor, cover your skin with clothing and wear a hat to protect yourself from sunburn.

It is advisable to find out about the latest health guidelines and recommendations before you travel and, if necessary, to have any vaccinations in good time before travelling. By taking the appropriate precautions, you can make your stay in Uzbekistan safe and enjoyable.

Do’s and don’ts when travelling in Uzbekistan

Do’s

1. Respect for the culture: Show respect for the culture and traditions of Uzbekistan. Be open to new experiences and respect local customs.
2. Clothing: Wear appropriate clothing, especially when visiting religious sites such as mosques or mausoleums. Cover your shoulders and knees to show respect.
3. Politeness: Be polite and friendly to the locals. Greet them with a smile and try to learn some basic polite phrases in Uzbek, such as “Assalomu alaykum” (peace be upon you).
4. Tipping: It is customary to give a small tip in restaurants, cafés and hotels if the service was satisfactory. Around 5-10% of the bill is considered appropriate.
5. Photography: Always ask permission before photographing people or religious sites. Photography is not permitted in some places. You should therefore observe the local regulations.

Don’ts

1. Religious sensitivity: Avoid entering religious sites disrespectfully or dressing inappropriately. Respect religious practices and do not enter areas that are closed to non-believers.
2. Drinking alcohol in public: Drinking alcohol in public is not customary in Uzbekistan and can be considered disrespectful. Only drink alcohol in licensed establishments or in your hotel room.
3. Political discussions: Avoid political discussions and critical statements about the government or the country. Uzbekistan is an authoritarian republic and political topics can be sensitive.
4. Unprotected water sources: Do not drink unfiltered water from unknown sources. Buy bottled water instead.
5. Careless behaviour: Be mindful and respectful of the local culture and locals. Avoid loud behaviour, especially at religious sites or near residential areas.

If you follow these do’s and don’ts, you can enjoy your stay in Uzbekistan while treating the local culture with respect and sensitivity.

Clothing recommendations for travelling to Uzbekistan

Light and airy clothing is recommended when travelling to Uzbekistan, especially in the summer months as the climate can be hot and dry. Women should wear long skirts or trousers and tops with long sleeves to conform to the country’s cultural norms. Men should also choose loose-fitting clothing that covers the knees and shoulders. In religious places such as mosques, clothing that covers the shoulders and knees should be worn.

What should you take with you when travelling to Uzbekistan?

When travelling to Uzbekistan, you should bring sunscreen, a hat, sunglasses and plenty of water to protect yourself from the intense sunlight. Comfortable shoes are also necessary for exploring the historical sites and uneven terrain. Some medication and a guidebook or map may also be useful.

What you should not bring with you from Uzbekistan

It is important to note that some items such as religious books or artefacts, antiques and certain plants or animals may not be exported from Uzbekistan. It is advisable to find out about customs regulations and restrictions before travelling in order to avoid problems when leaving the country.

Tips in Uzbekistan

Tipping is not obligatory in Uzbekistan, but it is customary to tip around 5-10% of the bill in restaurants, cafes and hotels if the service was satisfactory. In some cases, a service charge may already be included in the bill, so it is advisable to check this before leaving an additional tip.

Usual means of payment/currency in Uzbekistan

The official currency in Uzbekistan is the Uzbek Som (UZS). It is recommended that you take sufficient cash in the local currency with you, as credit cards are not accepted everywhere and ATMs are not widely available, especially outside the larger cities.

ATMs and withdrawing money in Uzbekistan

There are ATMs in the larger cities and tourist centres of Uzbekistan. It is recommended to withdraw cash in local currency from ATMs in banks or larger hotels. Fees may apply for international transactions, so it is advisable to check the fees with your bank in advance.

What is the most popular food in Uzbekistan?

One of the most popular dishes in Uzbekistan is plov, a savoury rice dish with meat, carrots and spices, which is often served on special occasions. Other traditional dishes include samsa (stuffed dumplings), laghman (noodle dish) and manty (steamed dumplings). Tea is the most popular drink and is often served with meals or as a gesture of hospitality.